Outer orbital complexes-definition-octahedral complex

What is outer-orbital complexes in chemistry ?

Octahedral complexes which is formed through hybridization, show that, 3d-orbitals of central metal ion remain unchanged.

In this case, are involved in hybridization and form octahedral complexes.

Such a complex in which the central metal ion utilizes outer nd- is called outer-orbital complex.

The outer-orbital complex has a large number of unpaired electrons than their number in inner orbital complex of the same metal ion due to unchanged of

configuration of metal ion on complexation . Such a complex is alsocalled high spin complex.

According to valence bond theory, it has been seen that, the octahedral complexes of are always outer-orbital .

This can be explained on the basis of their electronic arrangement . From theirelectronic arrangement it has been found that no ions among them have two vacant 3d-orbitals.

Because, all the above said ions contain seven or more electrons in their inner 3d-orbital.Hence, in the formation of octahedral complexes, they can’t attain hybridization.

Consequently, all the octahedral complexes of Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+and Zn2+ions are always outer-orbital.

The electronic arrangement and hybridization of the Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+and Zn2+ions are shown below.

Q.Why are all square planar complexes always inner-orbital complexes ?

Originally published at https://chemizi.blogspot.com.